diff --git a/01-Introduction.Rmd b/01-Introduction.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc5d5ba --- /dev/null +++ b/01-Introduction.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Introduction à la visualisation : Quoi? Pourquoi? Qui? Comment?" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "5/28/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Intro + +```{r , include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE) +``` + + +## TODO + + + diff --git a/02-types_data.Rmd b/02-types_data.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9438305 --- /dev/null +++ b/02-types_data.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Types de datasets et types de données" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Types de datasets et types de données + +## Types de datasets + +### Données tabulaires + +```{r} + +dt <- data.frame(x = rep(1:5, 3), + y = c(rep(1,5), rep(2,5),rep(3,5)), + group = rep(1, 5*3)) +dt$group[8] <- 2 + +ggplot(data = dt, + mapping = aes(x = x, y = y, fill = as.factor(group))) + + geom_tile(color = 'white', size = 2) + + annotate("segment", x=0.2,xend=5,y=3.8,yend=3.8,arrow=arrow(type="closed",length= unit(.4,"cm"))) + + annotate("segment", x=0.2,xend=0.2,y=3.8,yend=1,arrow=arrow(type="closed",length= unit(.4,"cm"))) + + annotate("text", x=3, y=0, label = "Cellule contenant une valeur",hjust=0.5) + + annotate("segment", x=3,xend=3,y=0.2,yend=1.5,arrow=arrow(type="closed", length= unit(.4,"cm"))) + + scale_fill_manual(values = list("lightgrey", "darkred"))+ + scale_x_continuous(position = "top")+ + xlab('Attributs (colonnes)') + + ylab('Items (lignes)') + + theme_modern() + + theme(legend.position = 'none', + axis.text=element_blank(), + axis.line =element_blank()) + +``` + +### TODO + +## Types de données + +### TODO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/01-chapitre1.Rmd b/04-perception.Rmd similarity index 78% rename from 01-chapitre1.Rmd rename to 04-perception.Rmd index 815603d..b17e4b4 100644 --- a/01-chapitre1.Rmd +++ b/04-perception.Rmd @@ -1,57 +1,41 @@ --- -title: "Chapitre 1" +title: "Perception : système visuel, marques et canaux, couleurs" author: "Antoine Neuraz" -date: "5/28/2019" -output: html_document +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide --- -# Intro - -```{r , include=FALSE} -knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE) -``` - ```{r, include=FALSE} library(ggplot2) library(tidyverse) library(see) library(patchwork) -source('R/util_functions.R') +library(vizoR) seed = 44 -my_theme_void <- function(base_size = 11, - base_family = "", - base_line_size = base_size / 170, - base_rect_size = base_size / 170) { - - theme_void(base_size = base_size, - base_family = base_family, - base_line_size = base_line_size) %+replace% - theme( legend.position = "none", - plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5) - ) -} - - - ``` +# Perception : système visuel, marques et canaux, couleurs + +## TODO +## Types de marques ```{r} -size <- 100 +size <- list(100, 2) min_x <- 0 max_x <- 1 -outliers <- 2 -p_color <- generate_uniform_dataset( + +p_color <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% ggplot( @@ -64,18 +48,17 @@ p_color <- generate_uniform_dataset( ) + geom_point(size = 3) + scale_color_material_d() + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + labs(subtitle= "Couleur") #p_color ``` ```{r} -p_angle <- generate_uniform_dataset( +p_angle <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% mutate(angle = ifelse(group == "group1", 0, pi / 3)) %>% @@ -91,18 +74,17 @@ p_angle <- generate_uniform_dataset( radius = 0.04, size = .8 ) + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + scale_color_material_d() + ggtitle("Angle") #p_angle ``` ```{r} -p_size <- generate_uniform_dataset( +p_size <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% mutate(size = ifelse(group == "group1", 2, 3)) %>% @@ -115,7 +97,7 @@ p_size <- generate_uniform_dataset( ) ) + geom_point() + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + scale_size(range = c(1, 3)) + ggtitle("Taille") #p_size @@ -123,11 +105,10 @@ p_size <- generate_uniform_dataset( ```{r} -p_grey <- generate_uniform_dataset( +p_grey <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% ggplot( @@ -139,18 +120,17 @@ p_grey <- generate_uniform_dataset( ) ) + geom_point(size = 3) + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + scale_color_manual(values = c('group2' = 'black', 'group1' = 'lightgrey')) + ggtitle("Luminosité") #p_grey ``` ```{r} -dt <- generate_uniform_dataset( +dt <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% mutate(curvature = ifelse(group == "group1", 0, 1)) @@ -169,17 +149,16 @@ p_curve <- dt %>% geom_curve(data = subset(dt, group == 'group1'), curvature = 0) + geom_curve(data = subset(dt, group == 'group2'), curvature = .7) + scale_color_material_d() + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + ggtitle("Courbe") #p_curve ``` ```{r} -dt <- generate_uniform_dataset( +dt <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) @@ -198,17 +177,16 @@ p_box <- dt %>% geom_segment() + #geom_curve(data = subset(dt, group == 'group2'), curvature = .7) + scale_color_material_d() + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + ggtitle("Encapsulage") #p_box ``` ```{r} -p_shape <- generate_uniform_dataset( +p_shape <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% ggplot( @@ -221,17 +199,16 @@ p_shape <- generate_uniform_dataset( ) + geom_point(size = 3) + #scale_color_manual(values = c('group2' = 'black', 'group1' = 'lightgrey')) + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + ggtitle("Forme") #p_shape ``` ```{r} -p_fill <- generate_uniform_dataset( +p_fill <- generate_dataset_uniform( dataset_size = size, min_x = min_x, max_x = max_x, - outliers = outliers, seed = seed ) %>% ggplot( @@ -244,7 +221,7 @@ p_fill <- generate_uniform_dataset( ) + geom_point(size = 3, shape = 21) + scale_fill_manual(values = c('group2' = 'black', 'group1' = 'white')) + - my_theme_void() + + theme_void_complete() + ggtitle("Remplissage") #p_fill ``` @@ -259,7 +236,6 @@ p_color + p_angle + ``` - ## Mappings in ggplot ```{r} @@ -378,31 +354,3 @@ scale_num + scale_shape + scale_color + plot_layout(ncol = 1) ``` figure from [https://serialmentor.com/dataviz/aesthetic-mapping.html]() - - -```{r} - -dt <- data.frame(x = rep(1:5, 3), - y = c(rep(1,5), rep(2,5),rep(3,5)), - group = rep(1, 5*3)) -dt$group[8] <- 2 - -ggplot(data = dt, - mapping = aes(x = x, y = y, fill = as.factor(group))) + - geom_tile(color = 'white', size = 2) + - annotate("segment", x=0.2,xend=5,y=3.8,yend=3.8,arrow=arrow(type="closed",length= unit(.4,"cm"))) + - annotate("segment", x=0.2,xend=0.2,y=3.8,yend=1,arrow=arrow(type="closed",length= unit(.4,"cm"))) + - annotate("text", x=3, y=0, label = "Cellule contenant une valeur",hjust=0.5) + - annotate("segment", x=3,xend=3,y=0.2,yend=1.5,arrow=arrow(type="closed", length= unit(.4,"cm"))) + - scale_fill_manual(values = list("lightgrey", "darkred"))+ - scale_x_continuous(position = "top")+ - xlab('Attributs (colonnes)') + - ylab('Items (lignes)') + - theme_modern() + - theme(legend.position = 'none', - axis.text=element_blank(), - axis.line =element_blank()) - -``` - - diff --git a/05-abstraction.Rmd b/05-abstraction.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff72422 --- /dev/null +++ b/05-abstraction.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Abstraction de tâche" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Abstraction de tâche + +## TODO diff --git a/06-principes_design.Rmd b/06-principes_design.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..285db32 --- /dev/null +++ b/06-principes_design.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Principes de design" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Principes de design + +## TODO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/07-donnees_tabulaires.Rmd b/07-donnees_tabulaires.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a706ce --- /dev/null +++ b/07-donnees_tabulaires.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +--- +title: "Visualisation de données tabulaires" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Visualisation de données tabulaires + +## TODO + diff --git a/08-Interaction.Rmd b/08-Interaction.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4fcfa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/08-Interaction.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Interaction" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Interaction + +## TODO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/09-donnees_spaciales.Rmd b/09-donnees_spaciales.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b14ce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/09-donnees_spaciales.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Visualisation de données spatiales" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Visualisation de données spatiales + +## TODO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10-Visualiser_network.Rmd b/10-Visualiser_network.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a42fbe --- /dev/null +++ b/10-Visualiser_network.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +--- +title: "networks" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "6/7/2019" +output: html_document +--- + +# Visualisation de réseaux et graphes + +```{r, include = FALSE} + +library(igraph) +library(ggraph) +library(tidygraph) + +nodes <- data.frame(id = c("node1","node2","node3"), + #label = c("node1","node2","node3"), + node_type= rep(1,3)) + +edges <- data.frame(from = c("node1", "node2", "node1" ), + to = c("node2","node3", "node3"), + type = rep("normal",3) , + weight = rep(1,3)) + +``` +```{r} + +``` + + +```{r} + +nodes <- data.frame(id = c("node1","node2","node3"), + #label = c("node1","node2","node3"), + node_type= rep(1,3)) + +edges <- data.frame(from = c("node1", "node2", "node3" ), + to = c("node2","node3", "node1"), + type = rep("normal",3) , + weight = c(3,1,0), + color = c("s","s","h")) + +net <- graph_from_data_frame(d=edges, vertices = nodes, directed = TRUE) + +ggraph(net, layout = "linear", circular = TRUE) + + geom_edge_link(arrow = grid::arrow(type = "closed", length = unit(2,"mm")), + end_cap = circle(5, 'mm'), + start_cap = circle(5, 'mm')) + + geom_node_point(color = 'black', fill ="lightgrey", size = 10, shape = 21) + + expand_limits(y=c(-1.3,1), x = c(-1,1)) + + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position="none") + + theme(plot.margin=unit(c(1,3,1,3),"cm")) +``` + +```{r} + +ggraph(net, layout = "linear", circular = TRUE) + + geom_edge_link(aes(width = weight, color = color)) + + geom_node_point(color = 'black', fill ="lightgrey", size = 10, shape = 21) + + scale_edge_color_manual(values = c('s'="darkgrey", "h" = "white"))+ + expand_limits(y=c(-1.3,1), x = c(-1,1)) + + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position="none") + + theme(plot.margin=unit(c(1,3,1,3),"cm")) + +``` + + + +```{r} +plot(net, + edge.color = 'black', + edge.width = 2, + vertex.label = NA, + vertex.size = 30, + vertex.color = "lightgrey", + vertex.frame.color="black") + +``` + +```{r} + +nodes <- data.frame(id = c("node1","node2","node3", "node4","node5","node6"), + #label = c("node1","node2","node3"), + node_type= c(rep(1,2), rep(2,4)), + node_weight = c(30,20,rep(0,4))) + +edges <- data.frame(from = c("node1", "node1", "node1", "node1", "node1" ), + to = c("node2","node3", "node4", "node5","node6"), + type = c(rep("normal",1), rep('hidden',4)) , + weight = c(3,rep(1,4))) + +net <- graph_from_data_frame(d=edges, vertices = nodes, directed = FALSE) +V(net)$color <- "lightgrey" +V(net)[node_type == 2]$color <- NA +V(net)$frame.color <- "lightgrey" +V(net)[node_type == 2]$frame.color <- NA +V(net)["node1"]$frame.color <- 633 +V(net)["node1"]$size2 <- 8 +V(net)$size <- nodes$node_weight + +E(net)$width <- edges$weight +E(net)$color <- "darkgrey" +E(net)[type == "normal"]$color = 633 + +plot(net, + vertex.label = NA, + ) + +``` + + +```{r} +highschool$size <- abs(rnorm(506)) + +graph <- read_graph("~/Downloads/lesmiserables.gml .webarchive", "gml") + +fills <- V(graph)$fill %>% + as.factor() %>% + levels + +graph_mod <- as_tbl_graph(graph) %>% + activate(nodes) %>% + mutate(size = log(centrality_degree())+0.5) %>% + arrange(desc(group),desc(size)) + +graph_mod %>% + ggraph("linear") + + geom_edge_arc(aes(width = value),color = hsv(0, 0, 0.2, 0.25), fold= TRUE) + + geom_node_point(aes(fill = fill, size =size), shape=21 ) + theme(legend.position="none") + + scale_fill_manual(values = fills) + + geom_node_text(aes(label = label), angle = 90, hjust=1, size = 2.5, nudge_y = -1) + + expand_limits(y=c(-10,NA)) + + theme_void() + theme(legend.position="none") + +``` +```{r} + +graph_mod %>% + ggraph('kk') + + geom_edge_link(aes(width = value),color = hsv(0, 0, 0.2, 0.25), fold= TRUE) + + geom_node_point(aes(fill = fill, size =size), shape=21 ) + theme(legend.position="none") + + scale_fill_manual(values = fills) + + geom_node_text(aes(label = label), repel = TRUE, size = 2) + + expand_limits(y=c(-10,NA)) + + theme_void() + theme(legend.position="none") + +``` + diff --git a/11-donnees_textuelles.Rmd b/11-donnees_textuelles.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a943ae --- /dev/null +++ b/11-donnees_textuelles.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Visualisation de texte" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Visualisation de texte + +## TODO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/12-donnees_temporelles.Rmd b/12-donnees_temporelles.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e904ab7 --- /dev/null +++ b/12-donnees_temporelles.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "Visualisation de données temporelles" +author: "Antoine Neuraz" +date: "10/30/2019" +output: + bookdown::html_document2: + code_folding: hide +--- + +# Visualisation de texte + +## TODO \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/98-techniques_avancees.Rmd b/98-techniques_avancees.Rmd index 9d3d343..d7d4c2f 100644 --- a/98-techniques_avancees.Rmd +++ b/98-techniques_avancees.Rmd @@ -261,3 +261,4 @@ my_bar(mpg, "drv") + diff --git a/README.html b/README.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c14d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.html @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ + + + + + + + README.utf8.md + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Chapitre 4 Abstraction de tâche

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+\IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{} +% use microtype if available +\IfFileExists{microtype.sty}{% +\usepackage{microtype} +\UseMicrotypeSet[protrusion]{basicmath} % disable protrusion for tt fonts +}{} +\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry} +\usepackage{hyperref} +\hypersetup{unicode=true, + pdftitle={Visualisation de données avec R}, + pdfauthor={Antoine Neuraz}, + pdfborder={0 0 0}, + breaklinks=true} +\urlstyle{same} % don't use monospace font for urls +\usepackage{natbib} +\bibliographystyle{apalike} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{fancyvrb} +\newcommand{\VerbBar}{|} +\newcommand{\VERB}{\Verb[commandchars=\\\{\}]} +\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\{\}} +% Add ',fontsize=\small' for more characters per line +\usepackage{framed} +\definecolor{shadecolor}{RGB}{248,248,248} +\newenvironment{Shaded}{\begin{snugshade}}{\end{snugshade}} +\newcommand{\AlertTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.94,0.16,0.16}{#1}} +\newcommand{\AnnotationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}} +\newcommand{\AttributeTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.77,0.63,0.00}{#1}} +\newcommand{\BaseNTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.81}{#1}} +\newcommand{\BuiltInTok}[1]{#1} +\newcommand{\CharTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}} +\newcommand{\CommentTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textit{#1}}} +\newcommand{\CommentVarTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}} +\newcommand{\ConstantTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ControlFlowTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.13,0.29,0.53}{\textbf{#1}}} +\newcommand{\DataTypeTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.13,0.29,0.53}{#1}} +\newcommand{\DecValTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.81}{#1}} +\newcommand{\DocumentationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}} +\newcommand{\ErrorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.64,0.00,0.00}{\textbf{#1}}} +\newcommand{\ExtensionTok}[1]{#1} +\newcommand{\FloatTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.81}{#1}} +\newcommand{\FunctionTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}} +\newcommand{\ImportTok}[1]{#1} +\newcommand{\InformationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}} +\newcommand{\KeywordTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.13,0.29,0.53}{\textbf{#1}}} +\newcommand{\NormalTok}[1]{#1} +\newcommand{\OperatorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.81,0.36,0.00}{\textbf{#1}}} +\newcommand{\OtherTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{#1}} +\newcommand{\PreprocessorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textit{#1}}} +\newcommand{\RegionMarkerTok}[1]{#1} +\newcommand{\SpecialCharTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}} +\newcommand{\SpecialStringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}} +\newcommand{\StringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}} +\newcommand{\VariableTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}} +\newcommand{\VerbatimStringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}} +\newcommand{\WarningTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}} +\usepackage{longtable,booktabs} +\usepackage{graphicx,grffile} +\makeatletter +\def\maxwidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi} +\def\maxheight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>\textheight\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi} +\makeatother +% Scale images if necessary, so that they will not overflow the page +% margins by default, and it is still possible to overwrite the defaults +% using explicit options in \includegraphics[width, height, ...]{} +\setkeys{Gin}{width=\maxwidth,height=\maxheight,keepaspectratio} +\IfFileExists{parskip.sty}{% +\usepackage{parskip} +}{% else +\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt} +} +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em} % prevent overfull lines +\providecommand{\tightlist}{% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{5} +% Redefines (sub)paragraphs to behave more like sections +\ifx\paragraph\undefined\else +\let\oldparagraph\paragraph +\renewcommand{\paragraph}[1]{\oldparagraph{#1}\mbox{}} +\fi +\ifx\subparagraph\undefined\else +\let\oldsubparagraph\subparagraph +\renewcommand{\subparagraph}[1]{\oldsubparagraph{#1}\mbox{}} +\fi + +%%% Use protect on footnotes to avoid problems with footnotes in titles +\let\rmarkdownfootnote\footnote% +\def\footnote{\protect\rmarkdownfootnote} + +%%% Change title format to be more compact +\usepackage{titling} + +% Create subtitle command for use in maketitle +\providecommand{\subtitle}[1]{ + \posttitle{ + \begin{center}\large#1\end{center} + } +} + +\setlength{\droptitle}{-2em} + + \title{Visualisation de données avec R} + \pretitle{\vspace{\droptitle}\centering\huge} + \posttitle{\par} + \author{Antoine Neuraz} + \preauthor{\centering\large\emph} + \postauthor{\par} + \predate{\centering\large\emph} + \postdate{\par} + \date{2019-06-05} + +\usepackage{booktabs} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +{ +\setcounter{tocdepth}{1} +\tableofcontents +} +Cours introductif à la visualisation de données avec R. Ce cours a pour but d introduire les concepts théoriques de base en visualisation ainsi que des exemples concrets. + +\hypertarget{prerequis}{% +\chapter*{Prerequis}\label{prerequis}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Prerequis} + +Pour les parties théoriques, aucun prérequis n'est nécessaire. Les exemples pratiques sont conçus avec le logiciel R et le package \texttt{ggplot2} + +\hypertarget{installer-r}{% +\section*{Installer R}\label{installer-r}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Installer R} + +Vous devez avoir installé le logiciel R pour pouvoir suivre les exemples pratiques. +Vous trouverez les liens de téléchargement ici : \href{}{https://cran.r-project.org} + +\hypertarget{installer-rstudio-facultatif}{% +\section*{Installer RStudio (facultatif)}\label{installer-rstudio-facultatif}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Installer RStudio (facultatif)} + +Nous conseillons également d'installer l'interface de développement (IDE) RStudio qui vous facilitera les choses pour la prévisualisation des contenus et des rendus. Bien entendu, si vous avez déjà une IDE préférée, vous pouvez continuer à l'utiliser. Vous trouverez la RStudio Desktop en version open source (gratuite) ici : \href{}{https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/\#Desktop} + +\hypertarget{installer-les-packages-necessaires}{% +\section*{Installer les packages nécessaires}\label{installer-les-packages-necessaires}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Installer les packages nécessaires} + +Dans ce cours, un certain nombre de packages sont utilisés très fréquement et doivent être installés : + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{pkg_list_req =}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"tidyverse"}\NormalTok{,} + \StringTok{"ggplot2"}\NormalTok{,} + \StringTok{"see"}\NormalTok{)} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\KeywordTok{install.packages}\NormalTok{(pkg_list_req)} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +Un certain nombre d'autres packages, utilisés plus ponctuellement vous seront indiqués dans les différents chapitres. Voici une liste exhaustive des packages utilisés dans ce cours : + +tidyverse, ggplot2, see + +\hypertarget{intro}{% +\chapter{Intro}\label{intro}} + +\begin{figure} + +{\centering \includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/encode-1} + +} + +\caption{Exemples d'encodage}\label{fig:encode} +\end{figure} + +\hypertarget{mappings-in-ggplot}{% +\section{Mappings in ggplot}\label{mappings-in-ggplot}} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-14-1.pdf} + +figure from \href{}{https://serialmentor.com/dataviz/aesthetic-mapping.html} + +\hypertarget{scales-in-ggplot}{% +\section{scales in ggplot}\label{scales-in-ggplot}} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-15-1.pdf} + +figure from \href{}{https://serialmentor.com/dataviz/aesthetic-mapping.html} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-16-1.pdf} + +\hypertarget{ggplot2-techniques-avancees}{% +\chapter{\texorpdfstring{\texttt{ggplot2} : techniques avancées}{ggplot2 : techniques avancées}}\label{ggplot2-techniques-avancees}} + +\hypertarget{creer-son-propre-theme-ggplot2}{% +\section{\texorpdfstring{Créer son propre thème \texttt{ggplot2}}{Créer son propre thème ggplot2}}\label{creer-son-propre-theme-ggplot2}} + +Les thèmes de \texttt{ggplot2} permettent de contrôler l'apparence des plots. Il est possible de modifier un thème standard en utilisant la fonction \texttt{theme()}. Mais nous allons voir ici comment créer un thème personalisé. + +Il est bien entendu possible de créer un thème de toutes pièces. Pour cela, il faut définir un à un tous les éléments possibles du thème mais c'est très long et rébarbatif. Dans \texttt{ggplot2}, le seul thème défini de cette façon est le thème de base \texttt{theme\_grey()} (voir le \href{https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2/blob/master/R/theme-defaults.r}{repo officiel}). +Les autres thèmes héritent les attribut de ce premier thème et modifient uniquement éléments nécéssaires. Par exemple, \texttt{theme\_bw()} est construit à partir de \texttt{theme\_grey()} et \texttt{theme\_minimal()} se base sur \texttt{theme\_bw()}. C'est beaucoup plus pratique de définir les thèmes de cette façon. + +\hypertarget{un-theme-est-une-fonction}{% +\subsection{un thème est une fonction}\label{un-theme-est-une-fonction}} + +Un thème est une fonction R classique qui prend comme arguments 4 variables : +- base\_size : taille de base du texte (défaut = 11) +- base\_family : famille de polices de base (défaut = "") +- base\_line\_size : taille de base des éléments \texttt{line} (défaut = base\_size / 22 ) +- base\_rect\_size : taille de base des éléments \texttt{rect} (défault = base\_size / 22 ) + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{my_theme <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =} \DecValTok{11}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_family =} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{) \{\}} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\hypertarget{modifier-un-theme-de-base-avec-replace}{% +\subsection{\texorpdfstring{modifier un thème de base avec \texttt{\%+replace\%}}{modifier un thème de base avec \%+replace\%}}\label{modifier-un-theme-de-base-avec-replace}} + +Ensuite, nous allons choisir un thème de base duquel notre thème personalisé va hériter les éléments par défaut. En effet, tous les éléments que nous ne spécifieront pas seront basés sur le thème de base. Par exemple, nous pouvons choisir \texttt{theme\_minimal()}. + +Pour modifier les éléments du thème de base, il faut utiliser l'opérateur \texttt{\%+replace\%} suivi de la fonction \texttt{theme()}. C'est dans cette dernière que nous pourrons spécifier les différents éléments à modifier par rapport au thème de base. + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{my_theme <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =} \DecValTok{11}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_family =} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{) \{} + + \KeywordTok{theme_minimal}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size, } + \DataTypeTok{base_family =}\NormalTok{ base_family,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_line_size,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_rect_size) }\OperatorTok{%+replace%} +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{theme}\NormalTok{(} + \CommentTok{# éléments à modifier} +\NormalTok{ )} +\NormalTok{\}} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\hypertarget{definir-de-nouveaux-attributs}{% +\subsection{définir de nouveaux attributs}\label{definir-de-nouveaux-attributs}} + +Nous pouvons a présent inserer dans la fonction thème les éléments à modifier. Notez qu'il ne faut pas utiliser de tailles absolues mais définir des tailles relatives avec la fonction \texttt{rel()}. + +\hypertarget{my_theme}{% +\subsubsection*{\texorpdfstring{\texttt{my\_theme()}}{my\_theme()}}\label{my_theme}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{\texttt{my\_theme()}} + +Voici un exemple de thème personnalisé (très fortement inspiré du thème \texttt{theme\_modern()} du package \texttt{see}) basé sur \texttt{theme\_minimal()} : + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{my_theme <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =} \DecValTok{11}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_family =} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{) \{} + +\NormalTok{ half_line <-}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{base_size}\OperatorTok{/}\DecValTok{2} + + \KeywordTok{theme_minimal}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size, } + \DataTypeTok{base_family =}\NormalTok{ base_family,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_line_size,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_rect_size) }\OperatorTok{%+replace%} +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{theme}\NormalTok{(} + \CommentTok{## Panel grid ##} + \DataTypeTok{panel.border =} \KeywordTok{element_blank}\NormalTok{(), } + \DataTypeTok{panel.grid.major =} \KeywordTok{element_blank}\NormalTok{(), } + \DataTypeTok{panel.grid.minor =} \KeywordTok{element_blank}\NormalTok{(), } + \CommentTok{## Title ##} + \DataTypeTok{plot.title =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{1.3}\NormalTok{), } + \DataTypeTok{face =} \StringTok{"plain"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{margin =} \KeywordTok{margin}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{20}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{)),} + \CommentTok{## Axis ##} + \DataTypeTok{axis.line =} \KeywordTok{element_line}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{colour =} \StringTok{"black"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{0.5}\NormalTok{)), } + \DataTypeTok{axis.title.y =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{margin =} \KeywordTok{margin}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{t =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{r =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{20}\NormalTok{), }\DataTypeTok{b =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{l =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{),} + \DataTypeTok{angle =} \DecValTok{90}\NormalTok{), } + \DataTypeTok{axis.title.x =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{margin =} \KeywordTok{margin}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{t =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{20}\NormalTok{), }\DataTypeTok{r =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{b =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{l =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{)), } + \DataTypeTok{axis.title =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{1.2}\NormalTok{), } + \DataTypeTok{face =} \StringTok{"plain"}\NormalTok{), } + \DataTypeTok{axis.text =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(.}\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{)), } + \DataTypeTok{axis.ticks =} \KeywordTok{element_blank}\NormalTok{(), } + \CommentTok{## Legend ##} + \DataTypeTok{legend.key =} \KeywordTok{element_blank}\NormalTok{(), } + \DataTypeTok{legend.position =} \StringTok{"bottom"}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{legend.text =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{1.1}\NormalTok{)), } + \DataTypeTok{legend.title =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{1.1}\NormalTok{)), } + \DataTypeTok{legend.spacing.x =} \KeywordTok{unit}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"pt"}\NormalTok{), } + \CommentTok{## Background ##} + \DataTypeTok{strip.background =} \KeywordTok{element_blank}\NormalTok{(), } + \DataTypeTok{plot.tag =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{rel}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{1.3}\NormalTok{), }\DataTypeTok{face =} \StringTok{"bold"}\NormalTok{), } + \DataTypeTok{strip.text =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{face =} \StringTok{"bold"}\NormalTok{)} +\NormalTok{ ) } +\NormalTok{\}} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\hypertarget{my_theme_dark}{% +\subsubsection*{\texorpdfstring{\texttt{my\_theme\_dark()}}{my\_theme\_dark()}}\label{my_theme_dark}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{\texttt{my\_theme\_dark()}} + +Et un thème sombre basé sur \texttt{my\_theme()} et très fortement inspiré de \texttt{theme\_blackboard()} du package \texttt{see} : + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{my_theme_dark <-}\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =} \DecValTok{11}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_family =} \StringTok{""}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size }\OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{22}\NormalTok{) \{} + +\NormalTok{ dark_color =}\StringTok{ "#0d0d0d"} +\NormalTok{ light_color =}\StringTok{ "#E0E0E0"} + + \KeywordTok{my_theme}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{base_size =}\NormalTok{ base_size, } + \DataTypeTok{base_family =}\NormalTok{ base_family,} + \DataTypeTok{base_line_size =}\NormalTok{ base_line_size,} + \DataTypeTok{base_rect_size =}\NormalTok{ base_rect_size) }\OperatorTok{%+replace%} +\StringTok{ } +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{theme}\NormalTok{(} + \CommentTok{## Backgrounds ##} + \DataTypeTok{plot.background =} \KeywordTok{element_rect}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{fill =}\NormalTok{ dark_color), } + \DataTypeTok{panel.background =} \KeywordTok{element_rect}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{fill =}\NormalTok{ dark_color, }\DataTypeTok{color=}\NormalTok{dark_color), } + \DataTypeTok{legend.background =} \KeywordTok{element_rect}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{fill =}\NormalTok{ dark_color, }\DataTypeTok{color=}\NormalTok{dark_color),} + \CommentTok{## Lines ##} + \DataTypeTok{axis.line =} \KeywordTok{element_line}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{color =}\NormalTok{ light_color),} + \CommentTok{## Text ##} + \DataTypeTok{text =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{family =}\NormalTok{ base_family, }\DataTypeTok{face =} \StringTok{"plain"}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{color =}\NormalTok{ light_color, }\DataTypeTok{size =}\NormalTok{ base_size,} + \DataTypeTok{hjust =} \FloatTok{0.5}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{vjust =} \FloatTok{0.5}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{angle =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, } + \DataTypeTok{lineheight =}\FloatTok{0.9}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{margin =} \KeywordTok{margin}\NormalTok{(), } + \DataTypeTok{debug =} \OtherTok{FALSE}\NormalTok{),} + \DataTypeTok{axis.text =} \KeywordTok{element_text}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{color =}\NormalTok{ light_color)} +\NormalTok{ )} +\NormalTok{\}} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\hypertarget{exemple}{% +\subsection{Exemple}\label{exemple}} + +Créons un plot d'exemple à partir d'un jeu de données synthétique + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{p <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{generate_uniform_dataset}\NormalTok{(} + \DataTypeTok{dataset_size =} \DecValTok{100}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{min_x =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{max_x =} \DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{,} + \DataTypeTok{outliers =} \DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{seed =} \DecValTok{506} +\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{%>%} +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{ggplot}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{data =}\NormalTok{ ., }\KeywordTok{aes}\NormalTok{( }\DataTypeTok{x =}\NormalTok{ x, }\DataTypeTok{y =}\NormalTok{ y, }\DataTypeTok{color =}\NormalTok{ group)) }\OperatorTok{+} +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{geom_point}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{size =} \DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{+} +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{scale_color_material_d}\NormalTok{() }\OperatorTok{+} +\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{labs}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{title=} \StringTok{"theme_minimal()"}\NormalTok{, } + \DataTypeTok{x=}\StringTok{"legende axe x"}\NormalTok{, } + \DataTypeTok{y=}\StringTok{"legende axe y"}\NormalTok{)} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{p } +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-23-1.pdf} + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{p }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{theme_minimal}\NormalTok{() } +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-24-1.pdf} + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{p }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{my_theme}\NormalTok{()} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-25-1.pdf} + +\begin{Shaded} +\begin{Highlighting}[] +\NormalTok{p }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{my_theme_dark}\NormalTok{()} +\end{Highlighting} +\end{Shaded} + +\includegraphics{dataviz_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-26-1.pdf} + +\bibliography{book.bib,packages.bib} + + +\end{document} diff --git a/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/encode-1.png b/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/encode-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d96e7e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/encode-1.png differ diff --git a/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png b/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..242bee6 Binary files /dev/null and b/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png differ diff --git a/_book/dataviz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png 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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Chapitre 12 ggplot2 : techniques avancées

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12.1 Créer son propre thème ggplot2

+

Les thèmes de ggplot2 permettent de contrôler l’apparence des plots. Il est possible de modifier un thème standard en utilisant la fonction theme(). Mais nous allons voir ici comment créer un thème personalisé.

+

Il est bien entendu possible de créer un thème de toutes pièces. Pour cela, il faut définir un à un tous les éléments possibles du thème mais c’est très long et rébarbatif. Dans ggplot2, le seul thème défini de cette façon est le thème de base theme_grey() (voir le repo officiel). +Les autres thèmes héritent les attribut de ce premier thème et modifient uniquement éléments nécéssaires. Par exemple, theme_bw() est construit à partir de theme_grey() et theme_minimal() se base sur theme_bw(). C’est beaucoup plus pratique de définir les thèmes de cette façon.

+
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12.1.1 un thème est une fonction

+

Un thème est une fonction R classique qui prend comme arguments 4 variables : +- base_size : taille de base du texte (défaut = 11) +- base_family : famille de polices de base (défaut = "") +- base_line_size : taille de base des éléments line (défaut = base_size / 22 ) +- base_rect_size : taille de base des éléments rect (défault = base_size / 22 )

+ +
+
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12.1.2 modifier un thème de base avec %+replace%

+

Ensuite, nous allons choisir un thème de base duquel notre thème personalisé va hériter les éléments par défaut. En effet, tous les éléments que nous ne spécifieront pas seront basés sur le thème de base. Par exemple, nous pouvons choisir theme_minimal().

+

Pour modifier les éléments du thème de base, il faut utiliser l’opérateur %+replace% suivi de la fonction theme(). C’est dans cette dernière que nous pourrons spécifier les différents éléments à modifier par rapport au thème de base.

+ +
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12.1.3 définir de nouveaux attributs

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Nous pouvons a présent inserer dans la fonction thème les éléments à modifier. Notez qu’il ne faut pas utiliser de tailles absolues mais définir des tailles relatives avec la fonction rel().

+ + +
+ +
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12.2 Utiliser ggplot2 dans des fonctions

+

Pour utiliser les syntaxes décrites ici, vous aurez besoin de ggplot2 version >= 3.2.

+

Prenons l’exemple d’une fonction qui réalise un bar chart (diagramme en barres) pour une colonne données (par exemple drv) d’un dataset (par exemple mpg, fourni avec ggplot2)

+

Le code pour réaliser ce plot en dehors d’une fonction peut ressembler à ceci :

+ +

+

Dans une fonction, nous voudrions pouvoir utiliser un autre dataset et changer le nom de la variable d’intérêt.

+

Modifier le nom du dataset ne pose pas de problème, et l’on peut utiliser une syntaxe classique :

+ +

Pour rendre modifiable le nom de la colonne, c’est à dire une variable qui est déclarée dans la fonction aes(), c’est moins immédiat. L’exemple suivant ne fonctionnera pas :

+ +
Erreur : Aesthetics must be valid data columns. Problematic aesthetic(s): x = var. Did you mistype the name of a data column or forget to add stat()?
+

Pour résoudre ce problème, il faut utiliser une syntaxe particulière introduite dans la version 3.2 de ggplot2. +Vous avez 2 solutions: +- le nom de la colonne est passé en paramètre de la fonction comme un nom (c’est à dire sans "", par exemple drv), vous devez encadrer le nom de la colonne par des doubles accolades : {{ col }}

+ +
    +
  • le nom de la colonne est passé en paramètre de la fonction comme une chaine de caractère (par exemple: "drv"), vous devez utiliser la syntaxe suivante: .data[[ col ]]
  • +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_book/index.html b/_book/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f34d06 --- /dev/null +++ b/_book/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ + + + + + + + Visualisation de données : éléments théoriques et applications avec R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Prerequis

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Pour les parties théoriques, aucun prérequis n’est nécessaire. Les exemples pratiques sont conçus avec le logiciel R et le package ggplot2

+
+

Installer R

+

Vous devez avoir installé le logiciel R pour pouvoir suivre les exemples pratiques. +Vous trouverez les liens de téléchargement ici : https://cran.r-project.org

+
+
+

Installer RStudio (facultatif)

+

Nous conseillons également d’installer l’interface de développement (IDE) RStudio qui vous facilitera les choses pour la prévisualisation des contenus et des rendus. Bien entendu, si vous avez déjà une IDE préférée, vous pouvez continuer à l’utiliser. Vous trouverez la RStudio Desktop en version open source (gratuite) ici : https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/#Desktop

+
+
+

Installer les packages nécessaires

+

Dans ce cours, un certain nombre de packages sont utilisés très fréquement et doivent être installés :

+

Un certain nombre d’autres packages, utilisés plus ponctuellement vous seront indiqués dans les différents chapitres. Voici une liste exhaustive des packages utilisés dans ce cours :

+

tidyverse, ggplot2, see, igraph, ggraph, tidygraph, rlang

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_book/interaction.html b/_book/interaction.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2c694f --- /dev/null +++ b/_book/interaction.html @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ + + + + + + + Chapitre 7 Interaction | Visualisation de données : éléments théoriques et applications avec R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Chapitre 7 Interaction

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7.1 TODO

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_book/intro.html b/_book/intro.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..193ffd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_book/intro.html @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ + + + + + + + Chapitre 1 Intro | Visualisation de données : éléments théoriques et applications avec R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Chapitre 1 Intro

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1.1 TODO

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/fontawesome/fontawesome-webfont.ttf b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/fontawesome/fontawesome-webfont.ttf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35acda2 Binary files /dev/null and b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/fontawesome/fontawesome-webfont.ttf differ diff --git a/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e5bb8a --- /dev/null +++ b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +.book .book-header h1 { + padding-left: 20px; + padding-right: 20px; +} +.book .book-header.fixed { + position: fixed; + right: 0; + top: 0; + left: 0; + border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.07); +} +span.search-highlight { + background-color: #ffff88; +} +@media (min-width: 600px) { + .book.with-summary .book-header.fixed { + left: 300px; + } +} +@media (max-width: 1240px) { + .book .book-body.fixed { + top: 50px; + } + .book .book-body.fixed .body-inner { + top: auto; + } +} +@media (max-width: 600px) { + .book.with-summary .book-header.fixed { + left: calc(100% - 60px); + min-width: 300px; + } + .book.with-summary .book-body { + transform: none; + left: calc(100% - 60px); + min-width: 300px; + } + .book .book-body.fixed { + top: 0; + } +} + +.book .book-body.fixed .body-inner { + top: 50px; +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal sub, .book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal sup { + font-size: 85%; +} + +@media print { + .book .book-summary, .book .book-body .book-header, .fa { + display: none !important; + } + .book .book-body.fixed { + left: 0px; + } + .book .book-body,.book .book-body .body-inner, .book.with-summary { + overflow: visible !important; + } +} +.kable_wrapper { + border-spacing: 20px 0; + border-collapse: separate; + border: none; + margin: auto; +} +.kable_wrapper > tbody > tr > td { + vertical-align: top; +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr.header { + border-top-width: 2px; +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr:last-child td { + border-bottom-width: 2px; +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table td, .book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table th { + border-left: none; + border-right: none; +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table.kable_wrapper > tbody > tr, .book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table.kable_wrapper > tbody > tr > td { + border-top: none; +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table.kable_wrapper > tbody > tr:last-child > td { + border-bottom: none; +} + +div.theorem, div.lemma, div.corollary, div.proposition, div.conjecture { + font-style: italic; +} +span.theorem, span.lemma, span.corollary, span.proposition, span.conjecture { + font-style: normal; +} +div.proof:after { + content: "\25a2"; + float: right; +} +.header-section-number { + padding-right: .5em; +} diff --git a/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87236b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +/* + * Theme 1 + */ +.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu { + background-color: #111111; + border-color: #7e888b; +} +.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .dropdown-caret .caret-inner { + border-bottom: 9px solid #111111; +} +.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .buttons { + border-color: #7e888b; +} +.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .button { + color: #afa790; +} +.color-theme-1 .dropdown-menu .button:hover { + color: #73553c; +} +/* + * Theme 2 + */ +.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu { + background-color: #2d3143; + border-color: #272a3a; +} +.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .dropdown-caret .caret-inner { + border-bottom: 9px solid #2d3143; +} +.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .buttons { + border-color: #272a3a; +} +.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .button { + color: #62677f; +} +.color-theme-2 .dropdown-menu .button:hover { + color: #f4f4f5; +} +.book .book-header .font-settings .font-enlarge { + line-height: 30px; + font-size: 1.4em; +} +.book .book-header .font-settings .font-reduce { + line-height: 30px; + font-size: 1em; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body { + color: #704214; + background: #f3eacb; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section { + background: #f3eacb; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body { + color: #bdcadb; + background: #1c1f2b; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section { + background: #1c1f2b; +} +.book.font-size-0 .book-body .page-inner section { + font-size: 1.2rem; +} +.book.font-size-1 .book-body .page-inner section { + font-size: 1.4rem; +} +.book.font-size-2 .book-body .page-inner section { + font-size: 1.6rem; +} +.book.font-size-3 .book-body .page-inner section { + font-size: 2.2rem; +} +.book.font-size-4 .book-body .page-inner section { + font-size: 4rem; +} +.book.font-family-0 { + font-family: Georgia, serif; +} +.book.font-family-1 { + font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal { + color: #704214; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal a { + color: inherit; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h3, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h4, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h5, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 { + color: inherit; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2 { + border-color: inherit; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 { + color: inherit; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal hr { + background-color: inherit; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal blockquote { + border-color: #c4b29f; + opacity: 0.9; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal pre, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code { + background: #fdf6e3; + color: #657b83; + border-color: #f8df9c; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal .highlight { + background-color: inherit; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table th, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table td { + border-color: #f5d06c; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr { + color: inherit; + background-color: #fdf6e3; + border-color: #444444; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr:nth-child(2n) { + background-color: #fbeecb; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal { + color: #bdcadb; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal a { + color: #3eb1d0; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h3, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h4, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h5, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 { + color: #fffffa; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h1, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h2 { + border-color: #373b4e; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal h6 { + color: #373b4e; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal hr { + background-color: #373b4e; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal blockquote { + border-color: #373b4e; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal pre, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code { + color: #9dbed8; + background: #2d3143; + border-color: #2d3143; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal .highlight { + background-color: #282a39; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table th, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table td { + border-color: #3b3f54; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr { + color: #b6c2d2; + background-color: #2d3143; + border-color: #3b3f54; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal table tr:nth-child(2n) { + background-color: #35394b; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-header { + color: #afa790; + background: transparent; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-header .btn { + color: #afa790; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-header .btn:hover { + color: #73553c; + background: none; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-header h1 { + color: #704214; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-header { + color: #7e888b; + background: transparent; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-header .btn { + color: #3b3f54; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-header .btn:hover { + color: #fffff5; + background: none; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-header h1 { + color: #bdcadb; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .navigation { + color: #afa790; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-body .navigation:hover { + color: #73553c; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .navigation { + color: #383f52; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .navigation:hover { + color: #fffff5; +} +/* + * Theme 1 + */ +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary { + color: #afa790; + background: #111111; + border-right: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07); +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary .book-search { + background: transparent; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary .book-search input, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary .book-search input:focus { + border: 1px solid transparent; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li.divider { + background: #7e888b; + box-shadow: none; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li i.fa-check { + color: #33cc33; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li.done > a { + color: #877f6a; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li a, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li span { + color: #877f6a; + background: transparent; + font-weight: normal; +} +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li.active > a, +.book.color-theme-1 .book-summary ul.summary li a:hover { + color: #704214; + background: transparent; + font-weight: normal; +} +/* + * Theme 2 + */ +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary { + color: #bcc1d2; + background: #2d3143; + border-right: none; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary .book-search { + background: transparent; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary .book-search input, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary .book-search input:focus { + border: 1px solid transparent; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li.divider { + background: #272a3a; + box-shadow: none; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li i.fa-check { + color: #33cc33; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li.done > a { + color: #62687f; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li a, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li span { + color: #c1c6d7; + background: transparent; + font-weight: 600; +} +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li.active > a, +.book.color-theme-2 .book-summary ul.summary li a:hover { + color: #f4f4f5; + background: #252737; + font-weight: 600; +} diff --git a/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2aabd3d --- /dev/null +++ b/_book/libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal pre, +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code { + /* http://jmblog.github.com/color-themes-for-google-code-highlightjs */ + /* Tomorrow Comment */ + /* Tomorrow Red */ + /* Tomorrow Orange */ + /* Tomorrow Yellow */ + /* Tomorrow Green */ + /* Tomorrow Aqua */ + /* Tomorrow Blue */ + /* Tomorrow Purple */ +} +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal pre .hljs-comment, +.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code .hljs-comment, +.book .book-body .page-wrapper 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LazyWrapper(this);var result=func.apply(value,args);result.__actions__.push(action);return new LodashWrapper(result,chainAll)}return this.thru(interceptor)}});arrayEach(["join","pop","push","replace","shift","sort","splice","split","unshift"],function(methodName){var func=(/^(?:replace|split)$/.test(methodName)?stringProto:arrayProto)[methodName],chainName=/^(?:push|sort|unshift)$/.test(methodName)?"tap":"thru",retUnwrapped=/^(?:join|pop|replace|shift)$/.test(methodName);lodash.prototype[methodName]=function(){var args=arguments;if(retUnwrapped&&!this.__chain__){return func.apply(this.value(),args)}return this[chainName](function(value){return func.apply(value,args)})}});baseForOwn(LazyWrapper.prototype,function(func,methodName){var lodashFunc=lodash[methodName];if(lodashFunc){var key=lodashFunc.name,names=realNames[key]||(realNames[key]=[]);names.push({name:methodName,func:lodashFunc})}});realNames[createHybridWrapper(undefined,BIND_KEY_FLAG).name]=[{name:"wrapper",func:undefined}];LazyWrapper.prototype.clone=lazyClone;LazyWrapper.prototype.reverse=lazyReverse;LazyWrapper.prototype.value=lazyValue;lodash.prototype.chain=wrapperChain;lodash.prototype.commit=wrapperCommit;lodash.prototype.concat=wrapperConcat;lodash.prototype.plant=wrapperPlant;lodash.prototype.reverse=wrapperReverse;lodash.prototype.toString=wrapperToString;lodash.prototype.run=lodash.prototype.toJSON=lodash.prototype.valueOf=lodash.prototype.value=wrapperValue;lodash.prototype.collect=lodash.prototype.map;lodash.prototype.head=lodash.prototype.first;lodash.prototype.select=lodash.prototype.filter;lodash.prototype.tail=lodash.prototype.rest;return lodash}var _=runInContext();if(typeof define=="function"&&typeof define.amd=="object"&&define.amd){root._=_;define(function(){return _})}else if(freeExports&&freeModule){if(moduleExports){(freeModule.exports=_)._=_}else{freeExports._=_}}else{root._=_}}).call(this)}).call(this,typeof global!=="undefined"?global:typeof self!=="undefined"?self:typeof window!=="undefined"?window:{})},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){(function(window,document,undefined){var _MAP={8:"backspace",9:"tab",13:"enter",16:"shift",17:"ctrl",18:"alt",20:"capslock",27:"esc",32:"space",33:"pageup",34:"pagedown",35:"end",36:"home",37:"left",38:"up",39:"right",40:"down",45:"ins",46:"del",91:"meta",93:"meta",224:"meta"};var _KEYCODE_MAP={106:"*",107:"+",109:"-",110:".",111:"/",186:";",187:"=",188:",",189:"-",190:".",191:"/",192:"`",219:"[",220:"\\",221:"]",222:"'"};var _SHIFT_MAP={"~":"`","!":"1","@":"2","#":"3",$:"4","%":"5","^":"6","&":"7","*":"8","(":"9",")":"0",_:"-","+":"=",":":";",'"':"'","<":",",">":".","?":"/","|":"\\"};var _SPECIAL_ALIASES={option:"alt",command:"meta",return:"enter",escape:"esc",plus:"+",mod:/Mac|iPod|iPhone|iPad/.test(navigator.platform)?"meta":"ctrl"};var _REVERSE_MAP;for(var i=1;i<20;++i){_MAP[111+i]="f"+i}for(i=0;i<=9;++i){_MAP[i+96]=i}function _addEvent(object,type,callback){if(object.addEventListener){object.addEventListener(type,callback,false);return}object.attachEvent("on"+type,callback)}function _characterFromEvent(e){if(e.type=="keypress"){var character=String.fromCharCode(e.which);if(!e.shiftKey){character=character.toLowerCase()}return character}if(_MAP[e.which]){return _MAP[e.which]}if(_KEYCODE_MAP[e.which]){return _KEYCODE_MAP[e.which]}return String.fromCharCode(e.which).toLowerCase()}function _modifiersMatch(modifiers1,modifiers2){return modifiers1.sort().join(",")===modifiers2.sort().join(",")}function _eventModifiers(e){var modifiers=[];if(e.shiftKey){modifiers.push("shift")}if(e.altKey){modifiers.push("alt")}if(e.ctrlKey){modifiers.push("ctrl")}if(e.metaKey){modifiers.push("meta")}return modifiers}function _preventDefault(e){if(e.preventDefault){e.preventDefault();return}e.returnValue=false}function _stopPropagation(e){if(e.stopPropagation){e.stopPropagation();return}e.cancelBubble=true}function _isModifier(key){return key=="shift"||key=="ctrl"||key=="alt"||key=="meta"}function _getReverseMap(){if(!_REVERSE_MAP){_REVERSE_MAP={};for(var key in _MAP){if(key>95&&key<112){continue}if(_MAP.hasOwnProperty(key)){_REVERSE_MAP[_MAP[key]]=key}}}return _REVERSE_MAP}function _pickBestAction(key,modifiers,action){if(!action){action=_getReverseMap()[key]?"keydown":"keypress"}if(action=="keypress"&&modifiers.length){action="keydown"}return action}function _keysFromString(combination){if(combination==="+"){return["+"]}combination=combination.replace(/\+{2}/g,"+plus");return combination.split("+")}function _getKeyInfo(combination,action){var keys;var key;var i;var modifiers=[];keys=_keysFromString(combination);for(i=0;i1){_bindSequence(combination,sequence,callback,action);return}info=_getKeyInfo(combination,action);self._callbacks[info.key]=self._callbacks[info.key]||[];_getMatches(info.key,info.modifiers,{type:info.action},sequenceName,combination,level);self._callbacks[info.key][sequenceName?"unshift":"push"]({callback:callback,modifiers:info.modifiers,action:info.action,seq:sequenceName,level:level,combo:combination})}self._bindMultiple=function(combinations,callback,action){for(var i=0;i-1){return false}if(_belongsTo(element,self.target)){return false}return element.tagName=="INPUT"||element.tagName=="SELECT"||element.tagName=="TEXTAREA"||element.isContentEditable};Mousetrap.prototype.handleKey=function(){var self=this;return self._handleKey.apply(self,arguments)};Mousetrap.init=function(){var documentMousetrap=Mousetrap(document);for(var method in documentMousetrap){if(method.charAt(0)!=="_"){Mousetrap[method]=function(method){return function(){return documentMousetrap[method].apply(documentMousetrap,arguments)}}(method)}}};Mousetrap.init();window.Mousetrap=Mousetrap;if(typeof module!=="undefined"&&module.exports){module.exports=Mousetrap}if(typeof define==="function"&&define.amd){define(function(){return Mousetrap})}})(window,document)},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){(function(process){function normalizeArray(parts,allowAboveRoot){var up=0;for(var i=parts.length-1;i>=0;i--){var last=parts[i];if(last==="."){parts.splice(i,1)}else if(last===".."){parts.splice(i,1);up++}else if(up){parts.splice(i,1);up--}}if(allowAboveRoot){for(;up--;up){parts.unshift("..")}}return parts}var splitPathRe=/^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;var splitPath=function(filename){return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1)};exports.resolve=function(){var resolvedPath="",resolvedAbsolute=false;for(var i=arguments.length-1;i>=-1&&!resolvedAbsolute;i--){var path=i>=0?arguments[i]:process.cwd();if(typeof path!=="string"){throw new TypeError("Arguments to path.resolve must be strings")}else if(!path){continue}resolvedPath=path+"/"+resolvedPath;resolvedAbsolute=path.charAt(0)==="/"}resolvedPath=normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split("/"),function(p){return!!p}),!resolvedAbsolute).join("/");return(resolvedAbsolute?"/":"")+resolvedPath||"."};exports.normalize=function(path){var isAbsolute=exports.isAbsolute(path),trailingSlash=substr(path,-1)==="/";path=normalizeArray(filter(path.split("/"),function(p){return!!p}),!isAbsolute).join("/");if(!path&&!isAbsolute){path="."}if(path&&trailingSlash){path+="/"}return(isAbsolute?"/":"")+path};exports.isAbsolute=function(path){return path.charAt(0)==="/"};exports.join=function(){var paths=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);return exports.normalize(filter(paths,function(p,index){if(typeof p!=="string"){throw new TypeError("Arguments to path.join must be strings")}return p}).join("/"))};exports.relative=function(from,to){from=exports.resolve(from).substr(1);to=exports.resolve(to).substr(1);function trim(arr){var start=0;for(;start=0;end--){if(arr[end]!=="")break}if(start>end)return[];return arr.slice(start,end-start+1)}var fromParts=trim(from.split("/"));var toParts=trim(to.split("/"));var length=Math.min(fromParts.length,toParts.length);var samePartsLength=length;for(var i=0;i1){for(var i=1;i= 0x80 (not a basic code point)","invalid-input":"Invalid input"},baseMinusTMin=base-tMin,floor=Math.floor,stringFromCharCode=String.fromCharCode,key;function error(type){throw RangeError(errors[type])}function map(array,fn){var length=array.length;var result=[];while(length--){result[length]=fn(array[length])}return result}function mapDomain(string,fn){var parts=string.split("@");var result="";if(parts.length>1){result=parts[0]+"@";string=parts[1]}string=string.replace(regexSeparators,".");var labels=string.split(".");var encoded=map(labels,fn).join(".");return result+encoded}function ucs2decode(string){var output=[],counter=0,length=string.length,value,extra;while(counter=55296&&value<=56319&&counter65535){value-=65536;output+=stringFromCharCode(value>>>10&1023|55296);value=56320|value&1023}output+=stringFromCharCode(value);return output}).join("")}function basicToDigit(codePoint){if(codePoint-48<10){return codePoint-22}if(codePoint-65<26){return codePoint-65}if(codePoint-97<26){return codePoint-97}return base}function digitToBasic(digit,flag){return digit+22+75*(digit<26)-((flag!=0)<<5)}function adapt(delta,numPoints,firstTime){var k=0;delta=firstTime?floor(delta/damp):delta>>1;delta+=floor(delta/numPoints);for(;delta>baseMinusTMin*tMax>>1;k+=base){delta=floor(delta/baseMinusTMin)}return floor(k+(baseMinusTMin+1)*delta/(delta+skew))}function decode(input){var output=[],inputLength=input.length,out,i=0,n=initialN,bias=initialBias,basic,j,index,oldi,w,k,digit,t,baseMinusT;basic=input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);if(basic<0){basic=0}for(j=0;j=128){error("not-basic")}output.push(input.charCodeAt(j))}for(index=basic>0?basic+1:0;index=inputLength){error("invalid-input")}digit=basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));if(digit>=base||digit>floor((maxInt-i)/w)){error("overflow")}i+=digit*w;t=k<=bias?tMin:k>=bias+tMax?tMax:k-bias;if(digitfloor(maxInt/baseMinusT)){error("overflow")}w*=baseMinusT}out=output.length+1;bias=adapt(i-oldi,out,oldi==0);if(floor(i/out)>maxInt-n){error("overflow")}n+=floor(i/out);i%=out;output.splice(i++,0,n)}return ucs2encode(output)}function encode(input){var n,delta,handledCPCount,basicLength,bias,j,m,q,k,t,currentValue,output=[],inputLength,handledCPCountPlusOne,baseMinusT,qMinusT;input=ucs2decode(input);inputLength=input.length;n=initialN;delta=0;bias=initialBias;for(j=0;j=n&¤tValuefloor((maxInt-delta)/handledCPCountPlusOne)){error("overflow")}delta+=(m-n)*handledCPCountPlusOne;n=m;for(j=0;jmaxInt){error("overflow")}if(currentValue==n){for(q=delta,k=base;;k+=base){t=k<=bias?tMin:k>=bias+tMax?tMax:k-bias;if(q0&&len>maxKeys){len=maxKeys}for(var i=0;i=0){kstr=x.substr(0,idx);vstr=x.substr(idx+1)}else{kstr=x;vstr=""}k=decodeURIComponent(kstr);v=decodeURIComponent(vstr);if(!hasOwnProperty(obj,k)){obj[k]=v}else if(isArray(obj[k])){obj[k].push(v)}else{obj[k]=[obj[k],v]}}return obj};var isArray=Array.isArray||function(xs){return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs)==="[object Array]"}},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){"use strict";var stringifyPrimitive=function(v){switch(typeof v){case"string":return v;case"boolean":return v?"true":"false";case"number":return isFinite(v)?v:"";default:return""}};module.exports=function(obj,sep,eq,name){sep=sep||"&";eq=eq||"=";if(obj===null){obj=undefined}if(typeof obj==="object"){return map(objectKeys(obj),function(k){var ks=encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k))+eq;if(isArray(obj[k])){return map(obj[k],function(v){return ks+encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v))}).join(sep)}else{return ks+encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]))}}).join(sep)}if(!name)return"";return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name))+eq+encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj))};var isArray=Array.isArray||function(xs){return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs)==="[object Array]"};function map(xs,f){if(xs.map)return xs.map(f);var res=[];for(var i=0;i",'"',"`"," ","\r","\n","\t"],unwise=["{","}","|","\\","^","`"].concat(delims),autoEscape=["'"].concat(unwise),nonHostChars=["%","/","?",";","#"].concat(autoEscape),hostEndingChars=["/","?","#"],hostnameMaxLen=255,hostnamePartPattern=/^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,hostnamePartStart=/^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,unsafeProtocol={javascript:true,"javascript:":true},hostlessProtocol={javascript:true,"javascript:":true},slashedProtocol={http:true,https:true,ftp:true,gopher:true,file:true,"http:":true,"https:":true,"ftp:":true,"gopher:":true,"file:":true},querystring=require("querystring");function urlParse(url,parseQueryString,slashesDenoteHost){if(url&&isObject(url)&&url instanceof Url)return url;var u=new Url;u.parse(url,parseQueryString,slashesDenoteHost);return u}Url.prototype.parse=function(url,parseQueryString,slashesDenoteHost){if(!isString(url)){throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not "+typeof url)}var rest=url;rest=rest.trim();var proto=protocolPattern.exec(rest);if(proto){proto=proto[0];var lowerProto=proto.toLowerCase();this.protocol=lowerProto;rest=rest.substr(proto.length)}if(slashesDenoteHost||proto||rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)){var slashes=rest.substr(0,2)==="//";if(slashes&&!(proto&&hostlessProtocol[proto])){rest=rest.substr(2);this.slashes=true}}if(!hostlessProtocol[proto]&&(slashes||proto&&!slashedProtocol[proto])){var hostEnd=-1;for(var i=0;i127){newpart+="x"}else{newpart+=part[j]}}if(!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)){var validParts=hostparts.slice(0,i);var notHost=hostparts.slice(i+1);var bit=part.match(hostnamePartStart);if(bit){validParts.push(bit[1]);notHost.unshift(bit[2])}if(notHost.length){rest="/"+notHost.join(".")+rest}this.hostname=validParts.join(".");break}}}}if(this.hostname.length>hostnameMaxLen){this.hostname=""}else{this.hostname=this.hostname.toLowerCase()}if(!ipv6Hostname){var domainArray=this.hostname.split(".");var newOut=[];for(var i=0;i0?result.host.split("@"):false;if(authInHost){result.auth=authInHost.shift();result.host=result.hostname=authInHost.shift()}}result.search=relative.search;result.query=relative.query;if(!isNull(result.pathname)||!isNull(result.search)){result.path=(result.pathname?result.pathname:"")+(result.search?result.search:"")}result.href=result.format();return result}if(!srcPath.length){result.pathname=null;if(result.search){result.path="/"+result.search}else{result.path=null}result.href=result.format();return result}var last=srcPath.slice(-1)[0];var hasTrailingSlash=(result.host||relative.host)&&(last==="."||last==="..")||last==="";var up=0;for(var i=srcPath.length;i>=0;i--){last=srcPath[i];if(last=="."){srcPath.splice(i,1)}else if(last===".."){srcPath.splice(i,1);up++}else if(up){srcPath.splice(i,1);up--}}if(!mustEndAbs&&!removeAllDots){for(;up--;up){srcPath.unshift("..")}}if(mustEndAbs&&srcPath[0]!==""&&(!srcPath[0]||srcPath[0].charAt(0)!=="/")){srcPath.unshift("")}if(hasTrailingSlash&&srcPath.join("/").substr(-1)!=="/"){srcPath.push("")}var isAbsolute=srcPath[0]===""||srcPath[0]&&srcPath[0].charAt(0)==="/";if(psychotic){result.hostname=result.host=isAbsolute?"":srcPath.length?srcPath.shift():"";var authInHost=result.host&&result.host.indexOf("@")>0?result.host.split("@"):false;if(authInHost){result.auth=authInHost.shift();result.host=result.hostname=authInHost.shift()}}mustEndAbs=mustEndAbs||result.host&&srcPath.length;if(mustEndAbs&&!isAbsolute){srcPath.unshift("")}if(!srcPath.length){result.pathname=null;result.path=null}else{result.pathname=srcPath.join("/")}if(!isNull(result.pathname)||!isNull(result.search)){result.path=(result.pathname?result.pathname:"")+(result.search?result.search:"")}result.auth=relative.auth||result.auth;result.slashes=result.slashes||relative.slashes;result.href=result.format();return result};Url.prototype.parseHost=function(){var host=this.host;var port=portPattern.exec(host);if(port){port=port[0];if(port!==":"){this.port=port.substr(1)}host=host.substr(0,host.length-port.length)}if(host)this.hostname=host};function isString(arg){return typeof arg==="string"}function isObject(arg){return typeof arg==="object"&&arg!==null}function isNull(arg){return arg===null}function isNullOrUndefined(arg){return arg==null}},{punycode:6,querystring:9}],11:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");function toggleDropdown(e){var $dropdown=$(e.currentTarget).parent().find(".dropdown-menu");$dropdown.toggleClass("open");e.stopPropagation();e.preventDefault()}function closeDropdown(e){$(".dropdown-menu").removeClass("open")}function init(){$(document).on("click",".toggle-dropdown",toggleDropdown);$(document).on("click",".dropdown-menu",function(e){e.stopPropagation()});$(document).on("click",closeDropdown)}module.exports={init:init}},{jquery:1}],12:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");module.exports=$({})},{jquery:1}],13:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");var _=require("lodash");var storage=require("./storage");var dropdown=require("./dropdown");var events=require("./events");var state=require("./state");var keyboard=require("./keyboard");var navigation=require("./navigation");var sidebar=require("./sidebar");var toolbar=require("./toolbar");function start(config){sidebar.init();keyboard.init();dropdown.init();navigation.init();toolbar.createButton({index:0,icon:"fa fa-align-justify",label:"Toggle Sidebar",onClick:function(e){e.preventDefault();sidebar.toggle()}});events.trigger("start",config);navigation.notify()}var gitbook={start:start,events:events,state:state,toolbar:toolbar,sidebar:sidebar,storage:storage,keyboard:keyboard};var MODULES={gitbook:gitbook,jquery:$,lodash:_};window.gitbook=gitbook;window.$=$;window.jQuery=$;gitbook.require=function(mods,fn){mods=_.map(mods,function(mod){mod=mod.toLowerCase();if(!MODULES[mod]){throw new Error("GitBook module "+mod+" doesn't exist")}return MODULES[mod]});fn.apply(null,mods)};module.exports={}},{"./dropdown":11,"./events":12,"./keyboard":14,"./navigation":16,"./sidebar":18,"./state":19,"./storage":20,"./toolbar":21,jquery:1,lodash:2}],14:[function(require,module,exports){var Mousetrap=require("mousetrap");var navigation=require("./navigation");var sidebar=require("./sidebar");function bindShortcut(keys,fn){Mousetrap.bind(keys,function(e){fn();return false})}function init(){bindShortcut(["right"],function(e){navigation.goNext()});bindShortcut(["left"],function(e){navigation.goPrev()});bindShortcut(["s"],function(e){sidebar.toggle()})}module.exports={init:init,bind:bindShortcut}},{"./navigation":16,"./sidebar":18,mousetrap:3}],15:[function(require,module,exports){var state=require("./state");function showLoading(p){state.$book.addClass("is-loading");p.always(function(){state.$book.removeClass("is-loading")});return p}module.exports={show:showLoading}},{"./state":19}],16:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");var url=require("url");var events=require("./events");var state=require("./state");var loading=require("./loading");var usePushState=typeof history.pushState!=="undefined";function handleNavigation(relativeUrl,push){var uri=url.resolve(window.location.pathname,relativeUrl);notifyPageChange();location.href=relativeUrl;return}function updateNavigationPosition(){var bodyInnerWidth,pageWrapperWidth;bodyInnerWidth=parseInt($(".body-inner").css("width"),10);pageWrapperWidth=parseInt($(".page-wrapper").css("width"),10);$(".navigation-next").css("margin-right",bodyInnerWidth-pageWrapperWidth+"px")}function notifyPageChange(){events.trigger("page.change")}function preparePage(notify){var $bookBody=$(".book-body");var $bookInner=$bookBody.find(".body-inner");var $pageWrapper=$bookInner.find(".page-wrapper");updateNavigationPosition();$bookInner.scrollTop(0);$bookBody.scrollTop(0);if(notify!==false)notifyPageChange()}function isLeftClickEvent(e){return e.button===0}function isModifiedEvent(e){return!!(e.metaKey||e.altKey||e.ctrlKey||e.shiftKey)}function handlePagination(e){if(isModifiedEvent(e)||!isLeftClickEvent(e)){return}e.stopPropagation();e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href");if(url)handleNavigation(url,true)}function goNext(){var url=$(".navigation-next").attr("href");if(url)handleNavigation(url,true)}function goPrev(){var url=$(".navigation-prev").attr("href");if(url)handleNavigation(url,true)}function init(){$.ajaxSetup({});if(location.protocol!=="file:"){history.replaceState({path:window.location.href},"")}window.onpopstate=function(event){if(event.state===null){return}return handleNavigation(event.state.path,false)};$(document).on("click",".navigation-prev",handlePagination);$(document).on("click",".navigation-next",handlePagination);$(document).on("click",".summary [data-path] a",handlePagination);$(window).resize(updateNavigationPosition);preparePage(false)}module.exports={init:init,goNext:goNext,goPrev:goPrev,notify:notifyPageChange}},{"./events":12,"./loading":15,"./state":19,jquery:1,url:10}],17:[function(require,module,exports){module.exports={isMobile:function(){return document.body.clientWidth<=600}}},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");var _=require("lodash");var storage=require("./storage");var platform=require("./platform");var state=require("./state");function toggleSidebar(_state,animation){if(state!=null&&isOpen()==_state)return;if(animation==null)animation=true;state.$book.toggleClass("without-animation",!animation);state.$book.toggleClass("with-summary",_state);storage.set("sidebar",isOpen())}function isOpen(){return state.$book.hasClass("with-summary")}function init(){if(platform.isMobile()){toggleSidebar(false,false)}else{toggleSidebar(storage.get("sidebar",true),false)}$(document).on("click",".book-summary li.chapter a",function(e){if(platform.isMobile())toggleSidebar(false,false)})}function filterSummary(paths){var $summary=$(".book-summary");$summary.find("li").each(function(){var path=$(this).data("path");var st=paths==null||_.contains(paths,path);$(this).toggle(st);if(st)$(this).parents("li").show()})}module.exports={init:init,isOpen:isOpen,toggle:toggleSidebar,filter:filterSummary}},{"./platform":17,"./state":19,"./storage":20,jquery:1,lodash:2}],19:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");var url=require("url");var path=require("path");var state={};state.update=function(dom){var $book=$(dom.find(".book"));state.$book=$book;state.level=$book.data("level");state.basePath=$book.data("basepath");state.innerLanguage=$book.data("innerlanguage");state.revision=$book.data("revision");state.filepath=$book.data("filepath");state.chapterTitle=$book.data("chapter-title");state.root=url.resolve(location.protocol+"//"+location.host,path.dirname(path.resolve(location.pathname.replace(/\/$/,"/index.html"),state.basePath))).replace(/\/?$/,"/");state.bookRoot=state.innerLanguage?url.resolve(state.root,".."):state.root};state.update($);module.exports=state},{jquery:1,path:4,url:10}],20:[function(require,module,exports){var baseKey="";module.exports={setBaseKey:function(key){baseKey=key},set:function(key,value){key=baseKey+":"+key;try{sessionStorage[key]=JSON.stringify(value)}catch(e){}},get:function(key,def){key=baseKey+":"+key;if(sessionStorage[key]===undefined)return def;try{var v=JSON.parse(sessionStorage[key]);return v==null?def:v}catch(err){return sessionStorage[key]||def}},remove:function(key){key=baseKey+":"+key;sessionStorage.removeItem(key)}}},{}],21:[function(require,module,exports){var $=require("jquery");var _=require("lodash");var events=require("./events");var buttons=[];function insertAt(parent,selector,index,element){var lastIndex=parent.children(selector).size();if(index<0){index=Math.max(0,lastIndex+1+index)}parent.append(element);if(index",{class:"dropdown-menu",html:''});if(_.isString(dropdown)){$menu.append(dropdown)}else{var groups=_.map(dropdown,function(group){if(_.isArray(group))return group;else return[group]});_.each(groups,function(group){var $group=$("
",{class:"buttons"});var sizeClass="size-"+group.length;_.each(group,function(btn){btn=_.defaults(btn||{},{text:"",className:"",onClick:defaultOnClick});var $btn=$("